Title
Consistently inconsistent: predictivity and validity of doublethink
Creator
Petrović, Marija, 1995-
CONOR:
26776679
Copyright date
2025
Object Links
Select license
Autorstvo-Nekomercijalno 3.0 Srbija (CC BY-NC 3.0)
License description
Dozvoljavate umnožavanje, distribuciju i javno saopštavanje dela, i prerade, ako se navede ime autora na način odredjen od strane autora ili davaoca licence. Ova licenca ne dozvoljava komercijalnu upotrebu dela. Osnovni opis Licence: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/rs/deed.sr_LATN Sadržaj ugovora u celini: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/rs/legalcode.sr-Latn
Language
Serbian
Cobiss-ID
Theses Type
Doktorska disertacija
description
Datum odbrane: 14.11.2025.
Other responsibilities
Academic Expertise
Društveno-humanističke nauke
University
Univerzitet u Beogradu
Faculty
Filozofski fakultet
Alternative title
Dosledno nedosledni: priroda i prediktivnost konstrukta duplog mišljenja
Publisher
[M. B. Petrović]
Format
168 str.
description
Psychology - Social psychology / Psihologija - Socijalna psihologija
Abstract (en)
If a person tends to endorse conflicting beliefs simultaneously, we say they are prone to doublethink. While psychological research, normative logic and our implicit expectations of rationality suggest that people are uncomfortable with inconsistency, we find stable individual differences in the tendency to endorse contradictory beliefs. In this research, we focused on (1) exploring whether doublethink can be predictive of irrational beliefs and their consequences, and (2) understanding the nature of what this tendency is. In a study (N = 306) exploring the relation of doublethink and all three groups of irrational beliefs - paranormal, pseudoscientific and conspiratorial - we find that doublethink is positively related to all three. Moreover, since the pandemic provided a unique opportunity to explore the endorsement of contradictory conspiracy theories as they were emerging, we found, across three studies (total N = 741) that doublethink had a unique contribution to the prediction of COVID-19 conspiracy theories, over and above other markers of superficial information processing style. We also showed in a separate study (N = 385) examining doublethink’s ties to non-adherence to medical advice and use of alternative medicine that it was related to neither. We did however find that, while unrelated to trust in science, doublethink was positively correlated with trust in folk wisdom or the “wisdom of the common man”. As for our second aim, across different studies, we found doublethink to be robustly related to markers of a more superficial approach to information processing, including intuitive thinking style, pseudo-profound bullshit receptivity, and need for closure, while inversely related to actively open-minded thinking, cognitive reflection, and syllogistic reasoning. While doublethink showed no significant relation to executive functions like shifting and updating after accounting for other superficial style variables, we did find it to be related to the more specific ability of spotting inconsistencies, across two studies (N = 234; N = 315), suggesting an overall lack of sensitivity to contradictions. This is what we focused on in three separate experimental studies (total N = 1071) - addressing this lack of sensitivity to contradictions through increasingly direct strategies to tackle inconsistent beliefs. Our interventions did not, however, reduce doublethink. To gain insight as to why the experimental studies yielded no results, we conducted semi-structured interviews with participants (N = 15) to explore how they reason about their inconsistent beliefs, and found the participants to be aware that their beliefs are contradictory yet also to not attach any negative value to that state of affairs. Instead, they relied on rationalizing the contradictions through various strategies. Overall, we find that doublethink is, paradoxically, a permissive, yet rigid thinking style, that helps allow different beliefs to enter the system without much filter and cross-referencing, but then also rarely includes belief revision and updating within the belief system itself. Our findings challenge the notion of consistency as a core motive, and instead suggest tolerance of belief contradictions as at times adaptive thinking style, but one that is also a key mechanism for maintaining epistemic vulnerability to irrational beliefs and their persistent existence.
Abstract (sr)
Ako osoba istovremeno podržava međusobno suprotstavljena uverenja, kažemo da je sklona duplom mišljenju (engl. doublethink). Iako psihološka istraživanja, pravila normativne logike i naša implicitna očekivanja racionalnosti sugerišu da je ljudima protivrečnost neprijatna, naša istraživanja sugerišu da postoje stabilne individualne razlike u sklonosti da se podržavaju kontradiktorna uverenja. U ovom istraživanju ispitivali smo: (1) da li duplo mišljenje može da bude prediktor iracionalnih uverenja i njihovih posledica, i (2) prirodu ove kognitivne sklonosti. U korelacionoj studiji (N = 306) ispitali smo odnos između duplog mišljenja i tri glavne grupe iracionalnih uverenja – paranormalnih, pseudo-naučnih i zavereničkih – i pokazali da je duplo mišljenje povezano sa sve tri. Uz to, pandemija je pružila jedinstvenu priliku da se ispita podrška kontradiktornim zavereničkim narativa dok su se pojavljivali, pa smo kroz tri studije (ukupno N = 741) pokazali da duplo mišljenje značajno doprinosi predviđanju verovanja u zavere o kovidu-19, povrh drugih pokazatelja površnog stila obrade informacija. U posebnoj studiji (N = 385) ispitali smo odnos između duplog mišljenja i nepridržavanja medicinskih preporuka, kao i korišćenja alternativne medicine, ali nismo našli povezanost ni sa jednom grupom ponašanja. Pokazali smo i da duplo mišljenje nije povezano sa poverenjem u nauku, ali jeste pozitivno povezano sa poverenjem u narodnu mudrost, tj. „mudrost običnog čoveka“. Radi ispitivanja drugog cilja ove disertacije, kroz više studija pokazali smo i da je duplo mišljenje dosledno povezano sa pokazateljima površnog stila obrade informacija, uključujući intuitivno mišljenje, prijemčivost za pseudodubokoumne verbalizme (engl. pseudo-profound bullshit receptivity) i potrebu za kognitivnim zatvaranjem, dok je negativno povezano sa aktivnim mišljenjem otvorenog uma, kognitivnom refleksijom i sposobnošću silogističkog zaključivanja. Duplo mišljenje nije bilo povezano sa egzekutivnim funkcijama poput premeštanja (shifting) i ažuriranja (updating), ali jeste sa slabijom sposobnošću prepoznavanja nedoslednosti u dve studije (N = 234; N = 315), što upućuje na opštu neosetljivost na protivrečnosti. Zbog toga smo sproveli tri eksperimentalne studije (ukupno N = 1071) koje su kroz različite pristupe pokušale da direktno adresiraju ovu neosetljivost na protivrečnost i smanje nivo duplog mišljenja. Nijedna od intervencija nije imala efekta. Da bismo razumeli zašto intervencije nisu bile uspešne, sproveli smo polustrukturirane intervjue sa učesnicima (N = 15) kako bismo ispitali na koji način rezonuju o sopstvenim kontradiktornim uverenjima. Učesnici su uglavnom bili svesni da su njihova uverenja kontradiktorna, ali nisu tu pojavu negativno evaluirali. Umesto toga, oslanjali su se na racionalizaciju protivrečnosti kroz različite strategije. Ukupno gledano, pokazali smo da je duplo mišljenje paradoksalan stil mišljenja – permisivan u pogledu prihvatanja različitih, pa i kontradiktornih uverenja, ali rigidan kada je reč o njihovoj reviziji i međusobnom usaglašavanju. Naši nalazi dovode u pitanje ideju da je težnja ka doslednosti osnovni kognitivni motiv i umesto toga sugerišu da tolerancija na protivrečnost može ponekad biti adaptivna. Međutim, duplo mišljenje je i ključni mehanizam za održavanje epistemološke ranjivosti na iracionalna uverenja i njihovu istrajnost.
Authors Key words
doublethink, belief inconsistency, irrational beliefs, superficial information processing, belief revision
Authors Key words
duplo mišljenje, nedoslednost uverenja, iracionalna uverenja, površni stil obrade informacija, revizija uverenja
Classification
159.955:316.642.3(043.3)
Type
Tekst
Abstract (en)
If a person tends to endorse conflicting beliefs simultaneously, we say they are prone to doublethink. While psychological research, normative logic and our implicit expectations of rationality suggest that people are uncomfortable with inconsistency, we find stable individual differences in the tendency to endorse contradictory beliefs. In this research, we focused on (1) exploring whether doublethink can be predictive of irrational beliefs and their consequences, and (2) understanding the nature of what this tendency is. In a study (N = 306) exploring the relation of doublethink and all three groups of irrational beliefs - paranormal, pseudoscientific and conspiratorial - we find that doublethink is positively related to all three. Moreover, since the pandemic provided a unique opportunity to explore the endorsement of contradictory conspiracy theories as they were emerging, we found, across three studies (total N = 741) that doublethink had a unique contribution to the prediction of COVID-19 conspiracy theories, over and above other markers of superficial information processing style. We also showed in a separate study (N = 385) examining doublethink’s ties to non-adherence to medical advice and use of alternative medicine that it was related to neither. We did however find that, while unrelated to trust in science, doublethink was positively correlated with trust in folk wisdom or the “wisdom of the common man”. As for our second aim, across different studies, we found doublethink to be robustly related to markers of a more superficial approach to information processing, including intuitive thinking style, pseudo-profound bullshit receptivity, and need for closure, while inversely related to actively open-minded thinking, cognitive reflection, and syllogistic reasoning. While doublethink showed no significant relation to executive functions like shifting and updating after accounting for other superficial style variables, we did find it to be related to the more specific ability of spotting inconsistencies, across two studies (N = 234; N = 315), suggesting an overall lack of sensitivity to contradictions. This is what we focused on in three separate experimental studies (total N = 1071) - addressing this lack of sensitivity to contradictions through increasingly direct strategies to tackle inconsistent beliefs. Our interventions did not, however, reduce doublethink. To gain insight as to why the experimental studies yielded no results, we conducted semi-structured interviews with participants (N = 15) to explore how they reason about their inconsistent beliefs, and found the participants to be aware that their beliefs are contradictory yet also to not attach any negative value to that state of affairs. Instead, they relied on rationalizing the contradictions through various strategies. Overall, we find that doublethink is, paradoxically, a permissive, yet rigid thinking style, that helps allow different beliefs to enter the system without much filter and cross-referencing, but then also rarely includes belief revision and updating within the belief system itself. Our findings challenge the notion of consistency as a core motive, and instead suggest tolerance of belief contradictions as at times adaptive thinking style, but one that is also a key mechanism for maintaining epistemic vulnerability to irrational beliefs and their persistent existence.
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